CoDRRAExamples about shelter space and toilets show the difference between a minimum standard and an indicator.
The Sphere Handbook is designed for use in different countries and in both natural and human-made disasters. In Japan, people often associate it with two figures: 3.5 square metres of living space per person and a ratio of one men’s toilet to three women’s toilets. These numbers serve different purposes within the handbook.
Start by distinguishing four elements. The minimum standard describes the conditions people should be able to expect as a matter of dignity. Key actions describe steps that can help meet the standard. Key indicators help teams assess whether they are meeting it, and guidance notes explain what to consider as they put the actions into practice.
Consider access to toilets. The minimum standard is about being able to use an appropriate, acceptable toilet safely and quickly whenever it is needed. The handbook recommends consulting the people who will actually use the toilets about their location and design. The choice of toilets also depends on available water, the technology that can be maintained and ways to provide handwashing and dispose of used menstrual products or nappies.
The indicators for shared toilets include at least one toilet for every 20 people and a distance of no more than 50 metres from dwellings. They also consider privacy, lighting and whether women and girls feel safe. The ratio of one men’s toilet to three women’s toilets appears in the guidance on estimating toilet requirements.
In a Japanese shelter, ask how older people, people with disabilities and people who do not speak Japanese would reach and use a toilet. A ratio on a floor plan cannot tell you whether everyone can get to it and feels safe using it. Use the figures with the guidance and the views of the people who use the facility.